The primary physical components of a transistor computer are 2

In transistor computers, transistors are used to construct logic gate circuits. Logic gates are electronic circuits designed to perform basic logical operations. They can implement fundamental Boolean algebra operations such as AND, OR, and NOT. Logic gates are composed of transistors, and the working principles of transistors can be utilized to achieve these logical operations. For instance, an AND gate can be constructed with two transistors, where one transistor controls the switching of the other. The output is high only when both inputs are high; conversely, if either input is low, the output remains low. By combining different types of logic gates, complex computational functions can be realized.

In addition, transistors can also be used to construct memory. Memory is employed for storing and retrieving data. In transistor-based computers, memory typically consists of an array of transistors, with each transistor storing a binary bit. The conduction or non-conduction of a transistor can represent the value of a binary bit. When reading data, current is applied to the corresponding transistor, and the bit's value is determined by whether the transistor conducts. During data writing, current is applied to the designated transistor, and the conduction state is altered based on the current's direction. By combining multiple transistors, memory capable of storing large amounts of data can be constructed.

In transistor computers, transistors are typically integrated into the EP4SE230F29I4N chip. The chip is a small and thin semiconductor material, on which transistors, capacitors, and other electronic components are fabricated. The manufacturing process of transistor chips is highly complex, requiring the use of chemical and machining techniques to produce tiny electronic components. During this process, millions of transistors can be fabricated on a single chip, which can then be interconnected to achieve complex computing and storage functions.